Monday, 9 April 2012

OUR CHANDIGARH

CHANDIGARH...... A SOUL

Chandigarh is a city and UT in India that serves as the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana . The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each to dedicated to different species of flora.

The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.

History

After the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, the former British province of Punjab was also split between India and Pakistan. The Indian state of Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during the partition. After several plans to make additions to existing cities were found to be unfeasible for various reasons, the decision to construct a new and planned city was undertaken. Of all the new town schemes in independent India, the Chandigarh project quickly assumed prime significance, because of the city's strategic location as well as the personal interest of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. Commissioned by Nehru to reflect the new nation's modern, progressive outlook, Chandigarh was designed by the French (born Swiss) architect and urban planner, Le Corbusier, in the 1950s. Le Corbusier was in fact the second architect of the city, after the initial master plan was prepared by the American architect-planner Albert Mayer (planner) who was working with the Polish-born architect Matthew Nowicki.

On 1 November 1966, the newly-formed Indian state of Haryana was carved out of the eastern portion of the Punjab, in order to create Haryana as a majority Hindi-speaking state (with a Hindu majority), while the western portion of Punjab retained a mostly Punjabi language-speaking majority (with a Sikh majority) and remained as the current day federated state of Punjab. However, the city of Chandigarh was on the border, and was thus created into a union territory to serve as capital of both these states. 


However, The Akali Dal has been agitating since then for the inclusion of Chandigarh in punjab on the basis that New states should make new capitals and the capital should remain with the parent state.
According to the Rajiv-Longowal Accord of 1985 signed between the then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi and Punjab leader Harchand Singh Longowal. Chandigarh was due to be transferred to Punjab by 26th January, 1986 along with transfer of punjabi speaking and hindi speaking areas to Punjab and Haryana. This however, due to rising militancy in punjab and killing of Harchand Singh Longowal in 1985 could not be implemented.

HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN

WANT TO KNOW ABOUT RAJASTHAN - 

THE LAND OF RAJAS (KINGS)

The history of human settlement in north Indian state of Rajasthan dates back to about 5000 years ago with parts of North Rajasthan at the heart of the Indus Valley Civilization.This region was long known as Gurjaratra that is country protected or ruled by the Gurjars before it came to be called Rajputana, early in the Muslim period. It is also the famous land of the Rajput warriors renowned for their heroic deeds on the battlefield. The majestic palaces, forts and other architectural edifices of historical significance tell interesting tales of the Rajput rulers who once exercised sovereignty over this northwestern state of India.

Ancient history

 
Parts of Rajasthan belonged to the Indus Valley Civilization between about 3500 and 1750 BC. Excavations at Kalibanga in Northern Rajasthan have revealed the existence of human settlements of the Harappan times on the banks of a river that dried up later, which is believed to be the River Saraswati by some scholars. The historical evidence found in Bairat reflects the presence of Pre-Aryan people. The first Aryan settlement was at the Dhundhar region around 1400 BC. Matsya or Meena (Sanskrit for fish) was the name of a Kshatriya tribe and the state of the Vedic civilization of India. It lay to south of the kingdom of Kurus and west of the Yamuna which separated it from the kingdom of Panchalas. It roughly corresponded to former state of Jaipur in Rajasthan, and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar (modern Bairat) which is said to have been named after its founder king Virata. Meenas are brothers and kinsmen of Virata, the ruler of Virat Nagar. They ruled this area(near to Virat Nagar) till 11th century.
Rajasthan was a part of the illustrious Mauryan Empire around 321-184 BC. It had also been a part of Republics like Arjunyas, Hunas, Kushans, Malavas, Saka Satraps and the Yaudheyas. The Guptas reigned in the 4th century. Some Buddhist caves and Stupas have been found in Jhalawar, in the southern part of Rajasthan.

The decline of the 300 year old Gupta Empire in the 5th century led to the political unrest in the Northern India and was followed by an epoch of instability as numerous chieftains tried to gain power. Gurjar pratihars were well known for their hostility towards Arab invaders.The Arab chronicler Sulaiman describes the army of the Gurjar Pratihars as it stood in 851 CE, The king of Gurjars maintains numerous forces and no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry. He is unfriendly to the Arabs, still he acknowledges that the king of the Arabs is the greatest of kings. Among the princes of India there is no greater foe of the Islamic faith than he. He has got riches, and his camels and horses are numerous.

Around 1000-1200, the Rajputs had internal strife among themselves and were engaged in armed conflicts with each other. A struggle for supremacy took place among the Parmars, Chalukyas, and Chauhans. During the eighth - twelfth centuries, the Rajput clan gained supremacy and altogether the Rajputs were divided into 36 royal clans and 21 dynasties like the Hadas of Jhalwawar, Kota & Bundi, Sisodias of Mewar, the Bhatis of Jaisalmer, the Shekhawats of Shekhawati, the Kachhwahas of Jaipur and the Chauhans of Ajmer, the Rathores of Marwar and Jodhpur.
Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, comprising a number of Rajput kingdoms as well as Jat kingdoms and a Muslim kingdom. The Jats were rulers in Bharatpur and Dholpur. Tonk was ruled by a Muslim Nawab. Jodhpur, Bikaner, Udaipur, and Jaipur were some of the main Rajput states. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century, establishing kingdoms in Rajputana and across northern India.

Medieval period

Maharana Pratap, a Rajput ruler and great warrior of his time.Mughal emperor Akbar sent many missions against him. However he survived and ultimately gained control of all areas of Mewar excluding fort of Chittor.
 
Prithviraj Chauhan fought a brave battle against the foreign invader Muhammad Ghori and defeated him in the first battle of Tarain in 1191 (but was defeated in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192), but was defeated in the seventeenth battle with Ghori. After getting defeated for sixteen times, Ghori begged for his life saying a sentence with a literal meaning "I am your cow, Forgive". In the seventeenth battle, a traitor from Chauhan's kingdom supported Ghori's army and landed up in the defeat. What happens after this is clear from the local folk songs still prominent in Rajasthan. It is said that Prithviraj was taken to Afghanistan along with his raj-kavi cum friend, Chandbhar. In Ghori's court, Prithviraj and Chandbhar were brought in shackles. Prithviraj was asked to show the art of archery, wherein he could aim and shoot just by hearing the sound. It is also known as Shabdbhedi-baan. Ghori asked him to show him this art. To make game interesting for himself, he got his eyes pierced with hot iron rods. Chandbhar says, "A king, though as a prisoner, can receive command only from a king. So it would be an honour if you command Him to shoot". Then he says few verses or poetry, few of those lines were,"Char baans chobis guz, aangal asht pravan, taa upar sultan hai, mat chooko Chauhan". Chaar baans meant four bamboos stick, chaubis guz as approximately 24 yards, aangal asht praval meant eight fingers width. All this combined gave the exact location of Ghori sitting on his throne i.e. 4 bamboos stick high, 24 yards away and exactly eight fingers up was the Ghori sitting. "Go ahead O Chauhan and don't miss the aim". This is how PrithviRaj kills Ghori in his court and obviously to meet his own death. Grave of PrithviRaj Chauhan is present till date next to Ghori's grave. And after the defeat of Chauhan around 1200, a part of Rajasthan came under Muslim rulers. The principal centers of their powers were Nagaur and Ajmer. Ranthambhor was also under their suzerainty.In the 12th century the Bhatti rajputs of jaselmer so enragged the emperor Alo Din Khilji by looting his rich carvan,so his army attacked the state and captured the fort.At their conqure the rajput women committed the jauhar. At the beginning of the 13th century, the most prominent and powerful state of Rajasthan was Mewar. The Rajputs resisted the Muslim incursions into India, although a number of Rajput kingdoms eventually became subservient to the Delhi Sultanate. Mewar led others in resistance to Muslim rule: Rana Sanga fought the Battle of Khanua against Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire.

In order to gain the trust of the Rajput rulers, the Mughal Emperor Akbar arranged matrimonial alliances. He also sought reconciliation with the hostile Rajputs after performing the matrimonial alliances. He himself married the Rajput princess- Jodha Bai who was the daughter of the Maharaja of Amber. He granted high offices to a large number of Rajput princes and this maintained very cordial relations with these Rajputs. Soon most of the Rajputs were transformed into friends of Akbar from adversaries and many of them surrendered their kingdoms to Akbar. Rulers like Raja Maan Singh of Amber were trusted allies. However all Rajput rulers were not ready to accept Akbar’s dominance and preferred to remain independent. One such ruler was Raja Uday Singh of Mewar, who founded the city of Udaipur. He never accepted Akbar’s supremacy and was at constant war with him. Akbar forcefully seized Chittor, his capital. After his death, this struggle was continued by his son – Rana Pratap. He fought a terrible battle with Akbar at the Haldighat pass where he was defeated and wounded. Since then Rana Pratap remained in recluse for 12 years and attacked the Mughal ruler from time to time. He fought valiantly throughout his life never ceded his independence to the Mughal ruler.
The traditional sacrifice and the self-respect of the Rajput women are also worth mentioning while discussing the imperial rule of Rajasthan during the medieval epoch. When the Rajput rulers were forced to surrender their kingdoms to other invaders, the Rajput women in order to protect their chastity and self-respect used to light up a pyre and together they used to jump into the fire thus sacrificing and ending their own lives. This custom of collective sacrifice was known as Jauhar.

Rajasthan's formerly independent kingdoms created a rich architectural and cultural heritage, seen today in their numerous forts and palaces (Mahals and Havelis) which are enriched by features of Muslim and Jain architecture.

Modern period

Rajasthan had never been united politically until its domination by Mughal Emperor Akbar. Akbar created a unified province of Rajasthan. Mughal power started to decline after 1707. The political disintegration of Rajasthan was caused by the dismemberment of the Mughal Empire. The Marathas penetrated Rajasthan upon the decline of the Mughal Empire. In 1755 the Maratha general Scindia occupied Ajmer. The beginning of the 19th Century was marked by the onslaught of the Pindaris.

The Rajput kings concluded treaties with the British in the early 19th century, accepting British sovereignty in return for local autonomy and protection from the Marathas. Following the Mughal tradition and more importantly due to its strategic location Ajmer became a province of British India, while the autonomous Rajput states, the Muslim state (Tonk), and the Jat states (Bharatpur and Dholpur

Post independence

At the time of India's Independence in 15 August 1947, Rajasthan consisted of 19 Princely States, two chieftains and a British administered province of Ajmer-Merwara besides a few pockets and territories outside its main boundaries.

It took seven stages to form Rajasthan as defined today. In March 1948 the Matsya Union consisted of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur and Karauli was formed. Also, in March 1948 Banswara, Bundi, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kishangarh, Kota, Pratapgarh, Shahpura and Tonk joined the Indian union and formed a part of Rajasthan. In April 1948 Udaipur joined the state and the Maharana of Udaipur was made Rajpramukh. Therefore in 1948 the merger of south and southeastern states was almost complete. Still retaining their independence from India were Jaipur and the desert kingdoms of Bikaner, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer. From a security point of view, it was vital to the new Indian Union to ensure that the desert kingdoms were integrated into the new nation. The princes finally agreed to sign the Instrument of Accession, and the kingdoms of Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Jaipur were merged in March 1949. This time the Maharaja of Jaipur, Man Singh II was made the Rajpramukh of the state and Jaipur became its capital. Later in 1949, the United States of Matsya, comprising the former kingdoms of Bharatpur, Alwar, Karauli and Dholpur, was incorporated into Rajasthan. On January 26, 1950, 18 states of united Rajasthan merged with Sirohi to join the state leaving Abu and Dilwara to remain a part of Greater Bombay and now Gujarat.

In November 1956 under the State Re-organisation Act, 1956 the erstwhile part 'C' State of Ajmer, Abu Road Taluka, former part of princely State Sirohi (which were merged in former Bombay), State and Sunel Tappa region of the former Madhya Bharat merged with Rajasthan and Sirohi sub district of Jhalawar was transferred to Madhya Pradesh. Thus giving the existing boundary Rajasthan. Today with further reorganisation of the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. Rajasthan has become the largest state of the Indian Republic.

The princes of the former kingdoms were constitutionally granted handsome remuneration in the form of privy purses and privileges to assist them in the discharge of their financial obligations. In 1970, Indira Gandhi, who was then the Prime Minister of India, commenced under-takings to discontinue the privy purses, which were abolished in 1971. Many of the former princes still continue to use the title of Maharaja but the title has little else power other than status symbol. Many of the Maharajas still hold their palaces and have converted them into profitable hotel while some have made good in politics. The democratically elected Government runs the state with a Chief Minister as its executive head and the Governor as the head of the state. Currently, including the new district of Pratapgarh, there are 32 districts, 105 sub-divisions, 37889 villages, 241 tehsils and 222 towns in Rajasthan.

Gurumukh Nihal Singh and Homendra Rajan Battu from Rajasthan was appointed as first governor of Rajasthan.Hiralal Shastri was first nominated cheifminister who worked from 7th April 1949,after two more nominated chiefminiters Tikaram Paliwal became first elected cheifminister from 03-03-1951.



HISTORY OF RAJPUTS

HISTORY OF RAJPUTS

The Rajput (from the Sanskrit tatpurusha compound rajaputra, "SON OF THE KING") are a ruling class of the Indian subcontinent and south east Asia. In the Hindustani language, those belonging to the Kshatriya (warrior) Varna (major subgroup) of Hindus are generally referred to as "Rajputs". They ruled in the Indian sub-continent from the 6th to the 20th century and in south east Asia from the 9th to 15th centuries. Nepal was the last empire of Rajputs, which ended in 1950. At the time of the Partition of India in 1947, Rajputs ruled in the "overwhelming majority" of the princely states of Rajasthan and Saurashtra, where the largest number of princely states were found. Many Rajputs claim descent from Rama and Krishna.

Sunday, 8 April 2012

FRIENDS

FRIENDS FOREVER...

Manish Wadhwa, Monu Sharma, Sehaj Vinder Singh, Bhawna Gupta & Me

Manish Wadhwa, Monu Sharma, Rahul Wadhwa, Sehaj Vinder Singh & Bhawna Gupta

FRIENDS....


FUN WITH FRIENDS

These are my college friend.......













Saturday, 7 April 2012

HAPPY EASTER DAY

HAPPY EASTER DAY

Easter is a Christian feast and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his crucifixion at Calvary as described in the New Testament. Easter is preceded by Lent, a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. The last week of Lent is called Holy Week. and the Last Supper, as well as Good Friday, commemorating the crucifixion and death of Jesus. Easter is followed by a fifty-day period called Eastertide or the Easter Season, ending with Pentecost Sunday. The festival is referred to in English by a variety of different names including Easter Day, Easter Sunday Resurrection Day and Resurrection Sunday.
Easter is a moveable feast, meaning it is not fixed in relation to the civil calendar. The First Council of Nicaea (325) established the date of Easter as the first Sunday after the full moon following the northern hemisphere's vernal equinox. Ecclesiastically, the equinox is reckoned to be on 21 March (even though the equinox occurs, astronomically speaking, on 20 March in most years), and the "Full Moon" is not necessarily the astronomically correct date. The date of Easter therefore varies between 22 March and 25 April. Eastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian calendar whose 21 March corresponds, during the 21st century, to 3 April in the Gregorian calendar, in which the celebration of Easter therefore varies between 4 April and 8 May.
Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, as well as by its position in the calendar. In many languages, the words for "Easter" and "Passover" are etymologically related or homonymous. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, but attending sunrise services, clipping the church and decorating Easter eggs, a symbol of the empty tomb, are common motifs.

SHAYARI

hr wakt jisse khone ka dar tha mujhe,
aaj wahi mere likhne ki wajeh hai....

SHAYARI

na kr grur aapne yaar ke husn pr itna...
mujhe maan hai uspr jisne pehchan di sabko...

uske husn ko byaan karte thak gya hai tu...
mai kya kru taarif hm sabke maalik ki.....

mujhe aadat nhi kisi ko yaad rakhne ki
pr na jaane tu jaati nhi mere zehen se...

ye har wakt ka dar, ye hr wakt ha sehmna
ye kuchh aur nhi bs tujhe khone ka ehsas hai...

koste hai us malik ko hr mod pr...
kambakt bhul jaate hai apne gunaho ko....

SHAYARI

Achha lagta hai Jb koi saath ho.....
bahar halki halki barsaat ho.....
hot coffee ka mug haath ho....
timtimati halki halki raat ho....
chal rhi lambi baat ho....
Yaado me ho rhi dosto se mulakat ho......
Achha lagta hai jb koi saath ho.....

yu to hr gunah ki saza mukarrar hai uske darbar me...
phir bhi hm gunah kr usse dya ki ummeed rakte hai...

Yu to hr gulab mehkta hai apne guman me...
pr bhul jata hai ki daman me uske bhi kaate hai....

hr jumma guzara jiski yaad me hmne tanhaiyo me..
aaj shikayat hai unhe hmari is saath se bhi....

kyu hr waqt khuda se hm mangte hai kushiya
jb jante hai ki kya mol hai inka dukho ke bger...

LAMBORGHINI LM200

LAMBORGHINI LM200

The Lamborghini LM002, a SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) that was built by the LAMBORGHINI AUTOMOBILE COMPANY between 1986 and 1993. The LM200 was an unusual departure for Lamborghini which, at the time, was primarily known for high-performance grand tourers and sports cars. The LM200 is also the first four-wheel drive model manufactured by Lamborghini.

History

Lamborghini built its first military vehicle, a prototype vehicle code-named the "CHETAH", in 1977. Lamborghini had designed the vehicle with hopes of selling it to the USA military. The original Cheetah prototype had a rear-mounted Chrysler V8 engine. The prototype was destroyed during testing by the US military.

It was finally determined that the engine being mounted in the rear caused too many unfavorable handling characteristics in an off road vehicle, and the LM200  was built with an entirely new chassis, moving the engine to the front. After much testing and altering of the prototype, it was finally given a serial number and became the first LM200. The production model was unveiled in an early 1986 Brussels Auto Show


Dubbed the Rambo Lambo, its aggressive styling and powerful engine made it a success for Lamborghini. Civilian models were outfitted with a full luxury package, including full leather trim, tinted power windows,A.C. and a premium stereo mounted in a roof console. In order to meet the vehicle's tire needs, Lamborghini commissioned Pirelli to create the Pirelli Scorpion tires with custom, run-flat tread designs. These were made specifically for the LM and were offered in two different tread designs, one for mixed use and the other for sand use only. These tires could be run virtually flat without risk and were the only rubbers available to compete with the desert heat, the loading and the speeds that the LM could inflict on them. A 76 gallon (290 liter) fuel tank supplied fuel.


The civilian version was often marketed toward rich Saudi sheiks because of its incomparable performance in the desert due to the Scorpion tires, an over sized radiator, and a large air cleaner which sat on top of 6 Weber carburetors. For those requiring even more power, the L804 7.2 liter marine V12, more commonly found in Class 1 offshore powerboats, could be specified.
The military version of the LM200 was never built and contrary to many claims across the internet of orders from the Libyan and Saudi Arabian military, no military versions of the LM200 exist and none were ever sold to foreign Governments or military forces.
In 1988, Lamborghini sent an LM200 to a team of special engineers with the intention of making it capable of participating in the Paris Dakar Rally. They stripped it of anything that added unnecessary weight and gave it an upgraded suspension, engine modifications which brought it to 600 hp (450 kW), full roll cage, plexiglas windows, and GPS equipment. Unfortunately, the money ran out before it could officially be entered in competition, although it did participate in the Rallye des Pharaons in Egypt and another in Greece, both times driven by Sandro Munari.


Near the end of the LM200's production, Turin based auto shop owner Salvatore Diomante created a one-off "Estate" version by enclosing the back area and raising the roof. This added significantly to the interior room.



On July 18, 2004, at a US military base near Baqubah, members of the American military used an LM002 that had belonged to Uday Hussein to simulate the effects of a car bomb.

SHAYARI

kr khuda se duwa hr roz eh nadan
ki tere gunaho ki kitab kuchh km bhare wo...

unhe dekh hm bhul gye aapne khuda ko
sza di khuda ne bhi ki wo bewafa nikle...

yu to uthta hai jnaza kai aashiko ka dhum dhaam se....
pr hmara to janaza bhi unhe nikah lga ye aur baat hai....

jumma jumma jiska intzar kiya humne
aaj wo aaye hmare shaher aur bs chal diye.....

hr insaan ka mol ek hai uski nazro me
fir kyu jahan me ab bhi ye fasle barkrar hai....

NOKIA'S 3G LAPTOP


Specifications

Weight 1.25 kg
Battery life 12 hours
3G/ HSDPA / Wi-Fi , Bluetooth
10 inch HD Ready Display with HDMI out
Webcam with Mic and 3.5 mm audio port
SD Card Reader
With Windows 7

Price

Rs. 27,700 and Rs 38,800


Summary: Nokia, the world’s leading mobile phone manufactuer, is considering entering the laptop business, CEO Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo said in an interview to Finnish national broadcaster YLE today.

Nokia is the world’s leading mobile phone manufactuer, is considering entering the laptop business, CEO of the NOKIA said in an interview to Finnish national broadcaster YLE today.
“We are looking very actively also at this opportunity,” Kallasvuo said, when asked whether Nokia plans to make laptops.
Kallasvuo also said he believes Nokia can win more market share in the current downturn, but said the firm needs to cut more costs.